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<title>Inter caetera</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Inter caetera</i></span>

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<p><i><b>Inter caetera</b></i> ('Among other [works]') was a <a href="Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> issued by <a href="Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> on 4 May 1493, which granted to the <a href="Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> <a href="Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">King Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella I of Castile</a> all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 <a href="League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> west and south of any of the islands of the <a href="Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> or the <a href="Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It remains unclear whether the pope intended a "donation" of <a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> or an <a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">infeudation</a> or <a href="Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a>. Differing interpretations have been argued since the bull was issued, with some arguing that it was only meant to transform the possession and occupation of land into lawful sovereignty. Others, including the Spanish crown and the <a href="Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>, interpreted it in the widest possible sense, deducing that it gave <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> full political sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-verzijl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verzijl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Inter caetera</i> and its supplement <i><a href="Dudum_siquidem" title="Dudum siquidem">Dudum siquidem</a></i> (September 1493) are two of the <a href="Bulls_of_Donation" title="Bulls of Donation">Bulls of Donation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these bulls purported to settle disputes between Spain and <a href="Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, they did not address the exploratory and colonial ambitions of other nations, which became more of an issue after the <a href="Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, <a href="Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India</a>, <a href="Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Voyages of Christopher Columbus</a>, and <a href="Portugal%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Portugal–Spain relations">Portugal–Spain relations</a></div>

<p>Before <a href="Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> received support for his voyage from <a href="Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand</a> of Spain, he had first approached <a href="John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II</a> of Portugal. The king's scholars and navigators reviewed Columbus's documentation, determined that his calculations grossly underestimated the diameter of the Earth and thus the length of the voyage, and recommended against subsidizing the expedition. Upon Columbus's return from his first voyage to the Americas, his first landing was made in the <a href="Azores" title="Azores">Portuguese Azores</a>; a subsequent storm drove his ship to <a href="Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 4 March 1493. Hearing of Columbus's discoveries, the Portuguese king informed him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 <a href="Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas" title="Treaty of Alcáçovas">Treaty of Alcáçovas</a>. The treaty had been ratified with the 1481 papal bull <i><a href="Aeterni_regis" title="Aeterni regis">Aeterni regis</a></i>, which confirmed previous bulls of 1452 (<i><a href="Dum_diversas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dum diversas">Dum diversas</a></i>), 1455 (<i><a href="Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a></i>), and 1456 (<i>Inter caetera</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-verzijl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verzijl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognizing Portuguese territorial claims along the <a href="West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> coast. It was the King's understanding that the terms of the treaty acknowledged Portuguese claims to all territory south of the <a href="Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (which had been ceded to Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-Diffie_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diffie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Columbus's arrival in supposedly Asiatic lands in the western Atlantic Ocean in 1492 threatened the unstable relations between Portugal and Spain. With word that King John was preparing a fleet to sail to the west, the King and Queen of Spain initiated diplomatic discussions over the rights to possess and govern the newly found lands.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish and Portuguese delegates met and debated from April to November 1493, without reaching an agreement.

</p><p>Columbus was still in Lisbon when he sent a report of his success to the Spanish monarchs. On 11 April, the Spanish ambassador conveyed the news to <a href="Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, a Spaniard and the former <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain">Administrator of Valencia</a>, and urged him to issue a new bull favorable to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Pope Alexander, as ruler of the <a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, was embroiled in a territorial dispute with Ferdinand's first cousin, <a href="Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I, King of Naples</a>, hence he was amicable to any requests of Isabella and Ferdinand, to the extent that they could write to Columbus saying that if he thought it necessary, one of the bulls would be modified. They were at Barcelona, in close touch with Rome. The <a href="Camera_apostolica" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera apostolica">camera apostolica</a> became almost an extension of the Spanish Court, which secured a rapid succession of bulls virtually liquidating Portuguese claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Spate_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope issued edicts dated <span class="nowrap">3 and 4 May 1493</span>. The third superseded the first two. A final edict, <i><a href="Dudum_siquidem" title="Dudum siquidem">Dudum siquidem</a></i> of <span class="nowrap">26 September 1493</span>, supplemented the <i>Inter caetera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-verzijl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verzijl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>The first bull, <i>Inter caetera</i>, dated 3 May, recognized Spain's claim to any discovered lands not already held by a <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> prince, and protected Portugal's previous rights. Both parties found this too vague.</li>

<li>The second bull, <i><a href="Eximiae_devotionis" title="Eximiae devotionis">Eximiae devotionis</a></i>, also dated 3 May, granted to the kings of Castile and León and their successors the same privileges in the newly discovered land that had been granted to the kings of Portugal in the regions of <a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The third bull, also entitled <i>Inter caetera</i>, dated 4 May, exhorts the Spanish monarchs to spread the faith west from a line drawn "one hundred leagues towards the west and south from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and <a href="Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>". Diffie notes that it has been suggested that this change may have been prompted by the Portuguese ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-Diffie_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diffie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>The <i>Inter caetera</i> and the following <a href="Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> defined and delineated a zone of Spanish rights exclusive of Portugal. In relation to other states the agreement was legally ineffective (<i><a href="Res_inter_alios_acta" title="Res inter alios acta">res inter alios acta</a></i>). Spain's attempts to persuade other European powers on the legal validity of the <i>Inter caetera</i> were never successful.<sup id="cite_ref-verzijl_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verzijl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2></div>

<p><i>Inter caetera</i> states:

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<blockquote><p>Among other works well pleasing to the Divine Majesty and cherished of our heart, this assuredly ranks highest, that in our times especially the Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and be everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself. ...[W]e ... assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, ... all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from ... the north, ...to ...the south, ... the said line to be distant one hundred <a href="League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> towards the west and south from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde.<sup id="cite_ref-Papal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>The bull notes that the Isabella and Ferdinand "had intended to seek out and discover certain islands and mainlands remote and unknown" but had been otherwise engaged in the conquest of Granada.<sup id="cite_ref-Papal_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The line of demarcation divided Atlantic zones only.<sup id="cite_ref-Spate_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain and Portugal could pass each other toward the west or east, respectively, on the other side of the globe and still possess whatever lands they were first to discover. The bull was silent regarding whether lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal, which had only recently reached the southern tip of Africa (1488) and had not yet reached <a href="India" title="India">India</a> (1498). These lands yet "to be discovered" lay beyond those along the west coast of Africa as far as <a href="Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and were given to Portugal via the 1481 bull <i>Aeterni regis</i>, which had ratified the <a href="Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas" title="Treaty of Alcáçovas">Treaty of Alcáçovas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the time being, the question was in abeyance.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_and_aftermath">Effects and aftermath</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></div>

<p>An important but unanticipated effect of this papal bull and the Treaty of Tordesillas was that nearly all the Pacific Ocean and the <a href="History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">west coast of North America</a> were given to Spain.

King John II naturally declined to enter into a hopeless competition at Rome, and simply ignored the bulls, thus neither admitting their authority nor defying the Church. According to <a href="Oskar_Spate" title="Oskar Spate">Oskar Spate</a>, if Rome was in Ferdinand's pocket, highly placed personages at the Spanish Court were in King John's, and kept him well informed of its moves.<sup id="cite_ref-Spate_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controlling the sea lanes from Spain to the <a href="Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> and in possession of bases in the Azores and <a href="Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, Portugal occupied a strategic naval position and he chose to pursue negotiations.

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<p>Neither side paid any attention to Pope Alexander's bulls.<sup id="cite_ref-Spate_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they negotiated the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which moved the line further west to a meridian 370 leagues west of the Portuguese Cape Verde Islands, now explicitly giving Portugal all newly discovered lands east of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In response to Portugal's discovery of the <a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a> in 1512, the Spanish put forward the idea, in 1518, that Pope Alexander had divided the world into two halves.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, however, other European powers had overwhelmingly rejected the notion that the Pope had the right to convey sovereignty of regions as vast as the New World. Even within Spain, influential voices such as <a href="Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> had denounced the validity of the <i>Inter caetera</i>. While Spain never gave up its claims based on papal bulls, neither did the Spanish crown seek papal sanctions over the Atlantic Ocean line of demarcation. Rather, Spain negotiated directly with Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-verzijl_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verzijl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piis_fidelium"><i>Piis fidelium</i></h3></div>

<p>On 25 June 1493, King Ferdinand secured another papal bull, <i>Piis fidelium</i>, appointing him <a href="Apostolic_vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic vicar">apostolic vicar</a> in the Indies. Father <a href="Bernardo_Buil" title="Bernardo Buil">Bernardo Buil</a> of the <a href="Minim_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minim (religious order)">Order of Minims</a> left Cádiz for America on 25 September 1493, on the second Columbus expedition. Once on the island of Hispaniola, Buil saw the effects of the conquistadors and quarreled with Columbus over the harsh treatment of colonists and Indians. Seeing that the situation for evangelization and catechizing was impossible, Buil left for Spain, defeated, within six months on 3 December 1494.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other friars whom he had left in the Americas returned to Spain in 1499.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reaction">Legacy and reaction</h2></div>

<p>This authorization to take non-Christian peoples' lands was cited by U.S. Chief Justice <a href="John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> almost 300 years later as he was developing the <a href="Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">discovery doctrine</a> in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 21st century, groups such as the <a href="Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, <a href="Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>, and <a href="Kanaka_maoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanaka maoli">Kanaka Maoli</a> organised protests and raised petitions seeking to repeal the papal bull <i>Inter caetera</i>, and to remind Catholic leaders of "the record of conquest, disease and slavery in the Americas, sometimes justified in the name of Christianity", which they say has a devastating effect on their cultures today.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A single meridian is excluded because no lands can be <i>south</i> of it. Two partial meridians are possible, one extending north from a point west of the Azores and another extending south from a point south of the Cape Verde Islands, the two being connected by a north-northwest south-southeast line segment. Another possibility is a <a href="Rhumb_line" title="Rhumb line">rhumb line</a> west and south of the islands extending north-northwest and south-southeast. All rhumb lines reach both poles by spiraling into them.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVerzijlW.P._HeereJ.P.S._Offerhaus1979" class="citation book cs1">Verzijl, Jan Hendrik Willem; W.P. Heere; J.P.S. Offerhaus (1979). <i>International Law in Historical Perspective</i>. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. <span class="nowrap">230–</span>234, 237. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-286-0158-1</bdi>.</cite>. Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kTneDFadcIC">Google Books entry</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Möbius strip: a spatial history of colonial society in Guerrero, Mexico", Jonathan D. Amith, p. 80, Stanford University Press, 2005

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Diffie-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diffie_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diffie_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDiffie1977" class="citation book cs1">Diffie, Bailey Wallys (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBTqPX4G9Y4C&dq=eximiae+devotionis&pg=PA173"><i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780816607822</bdi> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkpatrick Sale <i>The Conquest of Paradise</i>, p. 123, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0333574796</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A copy of Columbus's letter is known to have arrived in Rome by mid-April (it is mentioned in a Venetian chronicle dated 18 April), Kirkpatrick Sale, p. 124</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Spate-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spate_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spate_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spate_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spate_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpate1979" class="citation book cs1">Spate, O. H. K. (1979). "Chapter 2 The Alexandrine Bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishlake0000spat"><i>The Spanish Lake</i></a>. Canberra: Australian National University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7081-0727-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Alexander VI, <i>Eximiae Devotionis</i>, 1493</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Papal-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papal_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papal_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/alex06/alex06inter.htm">"Inter Caetera"</a>. 4 May 1493.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18031.html">"The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803 by Emma Helen Blair – Full Text Free Book (Part 1/5)"</a>. <i>www.fullbooks.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Treaty of Tordesillas did not specify any longitude, thus writers have proposed several, beginning with <a href="Treaty_of_Tordesillas#Tordesillas_meridian" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Jaime Ferrer's 1495 opinion</a> provided at the request of and to the Spanish king and queen.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Gaylord Bourne, "Historical Introduction", in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18031.html">The Philippine Islands 1493–1803</a></i> by Emma Helen Blair.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hbhis149/Ecomienda_Casas.html">"Ecomienda Casas"</a>. <i>California State University at Northridge</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/doctrine-of-discovery-4082479">"The Doctrine of Discovery Helped Define Native American Policies"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2000d/102700/102700f.htm">"Indigenous demand revocation of 1493 papal bull"</a>, <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>, 27 October 2000, John L. Jr. Allen</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18031.html">Emma H. Blair, <i>The Philippine Islands 1493–1803</i></a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLinden1916" class="citation journal cs1">Linden, H. Vander (1916). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836192">"Alexander VI. and the Demarcation of the Maritime and Colonial Domains of Spain and Portugal, 1493-1494"</a></span>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1836192">10.2307/1836192</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836192">1836192</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScott1987" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, William Henry (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633027">"Demythologizing the Papal Bull 'Inter Caetera'"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">348–</span>356. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633027">42633027</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Inter_Caetera" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Inter Caetera">Inter Caetera</a></b></div></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/cvz/39383?lang=en">Latin text of the May 4th Bull</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Alex06/alex06inter.htm">English translation of <i>Inter caetera</i></a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rvbeypublications.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/bullintercaetera.pub.pdf">Papal Bull, Inter Caetera</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Dudum_siquidem" class="extiw external" title="s:la:Dudum siquidem"><i>Dudum siquidem</i> (copy in Latin) at Wikisource</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clc-library-org-docs.angelfire.com/Eximiae.html"><i>Eximiae Devotionis</i>, English translation</a></li></ul>

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<li><a href="Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a>

<li><a href="Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li>

<li><a href="Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li>

<li><a href="Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li>

<li><a href="Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a>

<li><a href="Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li>

<li><a href="Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>

<ul><li><a href="Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li>

<li><a href="Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li>

<li><a href="Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li>

<li><a href="Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiwanaku_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li>

<li><a href="Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li>

<li><a href="Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li>

<li><a href="Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a>

<li><a href="Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li>

<li><a href="Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li>

<li><a href="Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a>

<li><a href="Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li>

<li><a href="Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li>

<li><a href="Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a>

<ul><li><a href="Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a>

<li><a href="Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="U.S._imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>

<ul><li><a href="English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_colonial_projects_before_1871" title="German colonial projects before 1871">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Venetian</a></li>

<li><a href="Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Genoese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Maltese</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></li>

<li><a href="Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Catalan-Aragonese</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Basque_whaling" title="History of Basque whaling">Basque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_imperialism" title="Ecological imperialism">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet</a></li>

<li><a href="Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7414157704218544440006">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2159474046127660282">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811281936305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/2207">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Inter_caetera&oldid=1298795765">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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